Field Show Design Apps For Android

In this lesson, you learn how to use the Android Studio Layout Editor to create a layout that includes a text box and a button. This sets up the next lesson, where you learn how to make the app send the content of the text box to another activity when the button is tapped.

Figure 1. Screenshot of the final layout

The user interface (UI) for an Android app is built as a hierarchy of layouts and widgets. The layouts are ViewGroup objects, containers that control how their child views are positioned on the screen. Widgets are View objects, UI components such as buttons and text boxes.

Figure 2. Illustration of how ViewGroup objects form branches in the layout and contain View objects.

Android provides an XML vocabulary for ViewGroup and View classes, so most of your UI is defined in XML files. However, rather than teach you to write XML, this lesson shows you how to create a layout using Android Studio's Layout Editor. The Layout Editor writes the XML for you as you drag and drop views to build your layout.

This lesson assumes that you use Android Studio v3.0 or higher and that you've completed the create your Android project lesson.

Open the Layout Editor

To get started, set up your workspace as follows:

In the Project window, open app > res > layout > activity_main.xml.
To make room for the Layout Editor, hide the Project window. To do so, select View > Tool Windows > Project, or just click Project on the left side of the Android Studio screen.
If your editor shows the XML source, click the Design tab at the top right of the window.
Click (Select Design Surface) and select Blueprint.
Click (View Options) in the Layout Editor toolbar and make sure that Show All Constraints is checked.
Make sure Autoconnect is off. A tooltip in the toolbar displays (Enable Autoconnection to Parent) when Autoconnect is off.
Click (Default Margins) in the toolbar and select 16. If needed, you can adjust the margins for each view later.
Click (Device for Preview) in the toolbar and select 5.5, 1440 × 2560, 560 dpi (Pixel XL).

Your Layout Editor now looks as shown in figure 3.

Figure 3. The Layout Editor showing activity_main.xml

For additional information, see Introduction to the Layout Editor.

The Component Tree panel on the bottom left shows the layout's hierarchy of views. In this case, the root view is a ConstraintLayout, which contains just one TextView object.

ConstraintLayout is a layout that defines the position for each view based on constraints to sibling views and the parent layout. In this way, you can create both simple and complex layouts with a flat view hierarchy. This type of layout avoids the need for nested layouts. A nested layout, which is a layout inside a layout, as shown in figure 2, can increase the time required to draw the UI.

Figure 4. Illustration of two views positioned inside ConstraintLayout

For example, you can declare the following layout, which is shown in figure 4:

View A appears 16 dp from the top of the parent layout.
View A appears 16 dp from the left of the parent layout.
View B appears 16 dp to the right of view A.
View B is aligned to the top of view A.

In the following sections, you'll build a layout similar to the layout in figure 4.

Add a text box

Figure 5. The text box is constrained to the top and left of the parent layout

Follow these steps to add a text box:

First, you need to remove what's already in the layout. Click TextView in the Component Tree panel and then press the Delete key.
In the Palette panel, click Text to show the available text controls.
Drag the Plain Text into the design editor and drop it near the top of the layout. This is an EditText widget that accepts plain text input.
Click the view in the design editor. You can now see the square handles to resize the view on each corner, and the circular constraint anchors on each side. For better control, you might want to zoom in on the editor. To do so, use the Zoom buttons in the Layout Editor toolbar.
Click and hold the anchor on the top side, drag it up until it snaps to the top of the layout, and then release it. That's a constraint: it constrains the view within the default margin that was set. In this case, you set it to 16 dp from the top of the layout.
Use the same process to create a constraint from the left side of the view to the left side of the layout.

The result should look as shown in figure 5.

Add a button

Figure 6. The button is constrained to the right side of the text box and its baseline

In the Palette panel, click Buttons.
Drag the Button widget into the design editor and drop it near the right side.
Create a constraint from the left side of the button to the right side of the text box.
To constrain the views in a horizontal alignment, create a constraint between the text baselines. To do so, right-click the button and then select Show Baseline . The baseline anchor appears inside the button. Click and hold this anchor, and then drag it to the baseline anchor that appears in the adjacent text box.

The result should look as shown in figure 6.

Note: You can also use the top or bottom edges to create a horizontal alignment. However, the button image includes padding around it, so the visual alignment is wrong if created that way.

Change the UI strings

To preview the UI, click (Select Design Surface) in the toolbar and select Design. Notice that the text input and button label are set to default values.

Follow these steps to change the UI strings:

Open the Project window and then open app > res > values > strings.xml.
This is a string resources file, where you can specify all of your UI strings. It allows you to manage all of your UI strings in a single location, which makes them easier to find, update, and localize.
Click Open editor at the top of the window. This opens the Translations Editor, which provides a simple interface to add and edit your default strings. It also helps you keep all of your translated strings organized.
Click (Add Key) to create a new string as the "hint text" for the text box. At this point, the window shown in figure 7 opens.

Figure 7. The dialog to add a new string

In the Add Key dialog box, complete the following steps:
1. Enter "edit_message" in the Key field.
2. Enter "Enter a message" in the Default Value field.
3. Click OK.
Add another key named "button_send" with a value of "Send".

Now you can set these strings for each view. To return to the layout file, click activity_main.xml in the tab bar. Then, add the strings as follows:

Click the text box in the layout. If the Attributes window isn't already visible on the right, click Attributes on the right sidebar.
Locate the text property, which is currently set to "Name," and delete the value.
Locate the hint property and then click (Pick a Resource), which is to the right of the text box. In the dialog that appears, double-click edit_message from the list.
Click the button in the layout and locate its text property, which is currently set to "Button." Then, click (Pick a Resource) and select button_send.

Make the text box size flexible

To create a layout that's responsive to different screen sizes, you need to make the text box stretch to fill all the horizontal space that remains after the button and margins are accounted for.

Before you continue, click (Select Design Surface) in the toolbar and select Blueprint.

To make the text box flexible, follow these steps:

Figure 8. The result of choosing Create Horizontal Chain

Figure 9. Click to change the width to Match Constraints

Figure 10. The text box now stretches to fill the remaining space

Select both views. To do so, click one, hold Shift, then click the other, and then right-click either one and select Chains > Create Horizontal Chain. The layout then appears as shown in figure 8.

A chain is a bidirectional constraint between two or more views that allows you to lay out the chained views in unison.
Select the button and open the Attributes window. Then, use the Constraint Widget to set the right margin to 16 dp.
Click the text box to view its attributes. Then, click the width indicator twice so it's set to a jagged line (Match Constraints), as indicated by callout 1 in figure 9.

Match constraints means that the width expands to meet the definition of the horizontal constraints and margins. Therefore, the text box stretches to fill the horizontal space that remains after the button and all the margins are accounted for.

Now the layout is done, as shown in figure 10.

If your layout didn't turn out as expected, click See the final layout XML below to see what your XML should look like. Compare it to what you see in the Code tab. If your attributes appear in a different order, that's okay.

See the final layout XML

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout     xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"     xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"     xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"     android:layout_width="match_parent"     android:layout_height="match_parent"     tools:context="com.example.myfirstapp.MainActivity">      <EditText         android:id="@+id/editText"         android:layout_width="0dp"         android:layout_height="wrap_content"         android:layout_marginStart="16dp"         android:layout_marginLeft="16dp"         android:layout_marginTop="16dp"         android:ems="10"         android:hint="@string/edit_message"         android:inputType="textPersonName"         app:layout_constraintEnd_toStartOf="@+id/button"         app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.5"         app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"         app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />      <Button         android:id="@+id/button"         android:layout_width="wrap_content"         android:layout_height="wrap_content"         android:layout_marginEnd="16dp"         android:layout_marginStart="16dp"         android:text="@string/button_send"         app:layout_constraintBaseline_toBaselineOf="@+id/editText"         app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"         app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.5"         app:layout_constraintStart_toEndOf="@+id/editText" /> </androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

For more information about chains and all the other things you can do with ConstraintLayout, read Build a Responsive UI with ConstraintLayout.

Run the app

If your app is already installed on the device from the previous lesson, simply click (Apply Changes) in the toolbar to update the app with the new layout. Or, click Run 'app' to install and run the app.